Amoebiasis is one of the most clinically significant parasite problems of captive snakes. This highly contagious disease is caused by a microscopic, one-celled organism (protozoan) called an amoeba. Snakes are easily infected by ingesting contaminated food and water containing the infective stage of this parasite. The organisms cause extensive damage to the intestinal lining and liver. Secondary bacterial infections are very common and contribute significantly to the severity of the disease. Signs of amoebiasis include listlessness, inappetence, and the passing of foul-smelling feces, containing mucus and blood.

A veterinarian may be able to diagnose this disease using the laboratory to examine specially prepared feces from a snake suspected of harboring the organism. Sometimes, examination of tissue sections of the intestine or scrapings from the lining of the intestine of a deceased snake is the only way the diagnosis can be confirmed. This underscores the importance of performing autopsies on snakes that have died, especially when there are other snakes in the collection whose lives may be threatened.

Researchers report that many snakes native to the American Southwest harbor these organisms but apparently do not suffer from the disease. Others report that crocodiles and certain turtles are similar “carriers.” Owners must, therefore, exercise caution when housing snakes with these species in order to avoid an outbreak of amoebiasis. Certain water snakes as well as boa constrictors and pythons are especially susceptible to this disease.

Amoebiasis is treatable, requiring the expertise of a veterinarian. Specific anti-protozoal medications and antibiotics are used. Enclosure used to house snakes should be steam cleaned and disinfected with 3% bleach solution.